The role of biology in human life and practice

1. Can't you find such a thing? start with the fact that if it were not for biology, we would not know how humans, plants, animals are settled. biology is the basis of medicine. without various studies, we would not have drugs, and so on. talk about what development biology has received in modern world, touch on cloning and other important topics.
2. Biolo # 769; gia system of related sciences about living organisms.
   The word comes from other Greek. # 946; # 943; # 959; # 962; life and # 955; # 972; # 947; # 959; # 962; judgment, word.
   The concept of biology is already mentioned in the writings of T. Roose, 1797 and K. Burdach, 1800. But it was specially proposed as a term by J. B. Lamarck and G. R. Treviranus in 1802, independently of each other.
   The term biology has two meanings, one wider and one narrower.
   In a broader sense, biology is related to the entire complex of life sciences, which includes many very different areas, both traditional zoology, botany and taxonomy, and such distant fields as biophysics and ecology.
   In a narrower sense, the term biology refers to general biological research. The structure and functions of individual organisms and their communities are considered; their distribution, origin, development, relations with each other and with the environment.
   Unlike philosophy, biology does not try to understand the first and last causes of life by means of logical thinking, but seeks to know its features and mechanisms by the natural scientific method. Thus, biology is among the natural sciences, the achievements of which it uses and the successes of which it supplements, however, according to the famous theoretician of the classification of sciences D. Voskresensky, only physics is a natural science.

   Well, to the extreme, open the first pages of the textbook on "Biology", well, or turn on your imagination

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ICOU"Novokayakent secondary school"

With. Novokayakent

Kayakent District Republic of Dagestan

OGE. Task 1. "The role of biology in the formation of a modern natural-scientific picture of the world, in the practical activities of people »

(for students in grades 9)

MKOU "Novokayakentskaya secondary school"

Umalatova Ravganiyat Biybulatovna

Novokayakent village

Explanatory note

This material is OGE. Questions 1. "The role of biology in the formation of a modern natural-scientific picture of the world, in the practical activities of people" is recommended for students in grade 9. The material includes questions with a choice of one correct answer. This material can be used to prepare for the exam. The work includes 12 questions.

Tasks: test the knowledge and skills of students the right choice one correct answer to the question.

Equipment: handout with tests.

OGE. Questions 1.“The role of biology in the formation of a modern natural-scientific picture of the world, in the practical activities of people »

1.The laws of heredity and variability of organisms are studied by science

1) genetics

2) taxonomy

3) anthropology

4) biochemistry

3. What science studies human health and how to preserve it?

1) valeology

2) hygiene

3) medicine

4) physiology

5. Which of the listed scientists is considered the founder of the science of genetics?

1) I.I. Mechnikov

2) L. Pasteur

3) G. Mendel

4) Charles Darwin

7. The main way to study a plant cell is

1) observation

2) microscopy

3) freezing - chipping

4) staining

9. The mechanism of protein biosynthesis in the body was discovered

1) anatomists

2) physiologists

3) biochemists

4) environmentalists

11. To hypothesize is to

1) confirm the scientific nature of the data obtained

2) conduct an experiment

3) put forward a guess

4) summarize changing facts

Sources of information:

1. Biology. General patterns. 9 cl. S.G. Mamontov, V.B. Zakharov, N.I. Sonin. -M .: Bustard, 2002 288 p.

2. Biology of the Unified State Exam. Section "Plants, mushrooms, lichens". Theory, training tasks: educational Toolkit/ A.A. Kirilenko-

Rostov n / a: Legion, 2015 - 320 p.

3. OGE 2017. Biology: thematic training tasks: grade 9 /

G.I. Lerner .- Moscow: Eksmo, 2016 .- 272 p.

4. OGE. Biology: typical examination options: O -30 options / ed. V.S. Rokhlova.-M .: National Education Publishing House, 2017.- 400 p.

There are a lot of directions for human use of knowledge in biology, for example, we will give several (let's go from large to small):

Knowledge environmental laws allows you to regulate human activities within the preservation of the ecosystem in which he lives and works (rational nature management);

· Botany and Genetics allow you to increase yields, fight pests and develop new, necessary and useful varieties;

· Genetics at the moment is so tightly intertwined with medicine that many diseases that were previously considered incurable are studied and prevented already at the embryonic stages of human development;

· With the help of microbiology, scientists around the world are developing sera and vaccines against viruses and a wide variety of antibacterial drugs.

Differences between living structures and non-living ones. Properties of the living

Biology - a science that studies the properties of living systems. However, it is rather difficult to define what a living system is. The line between the living and the inanimate is not as easy to draw as it seems. Try to answer the questions, are viruses alive when they rest outside the host's body and there is no metabolism in them? Can artificial objects and machines display the properties of living things? A computer programs? Or languages?

To answer these questions, one can try to isolate the minimum set of properties characteristic of living systems. That is why scientists have established several criteria by which an organism can be classified as living.

The most important of characteristic properties (criteria) of living are as follows:

1. Exchange of matter and energy with the environment. From the point of view of physics, all living systems are open, that is, they constantly exchange both matter and energy with the environment, in contrast to closed completely isolated from the outside world, and semi-closed exchanging only energy, but not matter. Further we will see that this exchange is a prerequisite existence of life.

2. Living systems are capable of accumulating substances received from the environment and, as a result, growth.

3. Modern biology considers the fundamental property of living beings to be the ability to be identical (or almost identical) self-replicating, that is, reproduction while preserving most of the properties of the original organism.

4. Identical self-reproduction is inextricably linked with the concept heredity, that is, the transmission of characteristics and properties to the offspring.

5. However, heredity is not absolute - if all daughter organisms exactly copied the parental ones, then no evolution would be possible, since living organisms would never change. This would lead to the fact that with any sudden change in conditions, they would all die. But life is extremely flexible, and organisms adapt to the widest range of conditions. This is possible thanks to variability- the fact that self-reproduction of organisms is not completely identical, in the course of it errors and variations arise, which can be material for selection. There is a certain balance between heredity and variability.

6. Variability can be hereditary and non-hereditary. Hereditary variability, that is, the appearance of new variations of traits that are inherited and fixed in a number of generations, serves as material for natural selection... Natural selection is possible among any reproductive objects, not necessarily living ones, if there is competition between them for limited resources. Those objects that, due to variability, have acquired unfavorable signs in a given environment, will be rejected, therefore, signs that give a competitive advantage in the struggle will be encountered more and more often in new objects. This is natural selection - the creative factor of evolution, thanks to which all the variety of living organisms on Earth arose.

7. Living organisms actively respond to external signals, showing the property irritability.

8. Due to their ability to respond to changes in external conditions, living organisms are capable of adaptations- adaptation to new conditions. This property, in particular, allows organisms to survive various cataclysms and spread to new territories.

9. Adaptation is carried out by self-regulation, that is, the ability to maintain the constancy of certain physical and chemical parameters in a living organism, including in changing environmental conditions. For example, the human body maintains a constant temperature, the concentration of glucose in the blood and many other substances.

10. An important property of earthly life is discreteness, that is, discontinuity: it is represented by individual individuals, individuals are united in populations, populations - in species, etc., that is, at all levels of organization of living things, there are separate units. Stanislav Lem's science fiction novel Solaris describes a huge living ocean that covers the entire planet. But there are no such forms of life on Earth.

Chemical composition alive

Living organisms consist of a huge number chemical substances, organic and inorganic, polymeric and low molecular weight. In living systems, many chemical elements present in the environment have been found, but only about 20 of them are necessary for life. These elements are named biogenic.

In the process of evolution from inorganic to bioorganic substances, natural selection is the basis for the use of certain chemical elements in the creation of biosystems. As a result of this selection, only six elements form the basis of all living systems: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, which are called organogens. Their content in the body reaches 97.4%.

Organogens are the main chemical elements that make up organic substances: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.

From the point of view of chemistry, the natural selection of organogenic elements can be explained by their ability to form chemical bonds: on the one hand, they are strong enough, that is, energy-intensive, and on the other hand, rather labile, which could easily succumb to hemolysis, heterolysis, cyclic redistribution.

The number one organogen is undoubtedly carbon. Its atoms form strong covalent bonds with each other or with the atoms of other elements. These bonds can be single or multiple, thanks to these 3 bonds, carbon is able to form conjugated or cumulated systems in the form of open or closed chains, cycles.

Unlike carbon, organogenic elements hydrogen and oxygen do not form labile bonds, but their presence in an organic, including in a bioorganic, molecule determines its ability to interact with the bio-solvent water. In addition, hydrogen and oxygen are carriers of the redox properties of living systems, they ensure the unity of redox processes.

The other three organogens - nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur, as well as some other elements - iron, magnesium, which make up the active centers of enzymes, like carbon, are capable of forming labile bonds. A positive property of organogens is also the fact that they, as a rule, form compounds readily soluble in water and, therefore, are concentrated in the body.

There are several classifications of chemical elements contained in the human body. So, V.I. Vernadsky, depending on the average content in living organisms, divided the elements into three groups:

1. Macronutrients. These are elements, the content of which in the body is higher than 10 - ²%. These include carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, magnesium, sodium and chlorine, potassium, and iron. These so-called universal biogenic elements are present in the cells of all organisms.

2. Microelements. These are elements, the content of which in the body is in the range from 10 - ² to 10 - ¹²%. These include iodine, copper, arsenic, fluorine, bromine, strontium, barium, cobalt. Although these elements are found in organisms in extremely low concentrations (no more than a thousandth of a percent), they are also necessary for normal life. It is biogenic trace elements... Their functions and roles are very diverse. Many trace elements are part of a number of enzymes, vitamins, respiratory pigments, some affect growth, development rate, reproduction, etc.

3. Ultramicroelements. These are elements, the content of which in the body is below 10 - ¹²%. These include mercury, gold, uranium, radium, etc.

V.V. Kovalsky, based on the degree of importance of chemical elements for human life, subdivided them into three groups:

1. Irreplaceable elements. They are constantly in the human body, are part of its inorganic and organic compounds. These are H, O, Ca, N, K, P, Na, S, Mg, Cl, C, I, Mn, Cu, Co, Zn, Fe, Mo, V. A deficiency in the content of these elements leads to disruption of the normal functioning of the body.

2. Impurity elements. These elements are constantly found in the human body, but their biological role has not always been elucidated or little studied. These are Ga, Sb, Sr, Br, F, B, Be, Li, Si, Sn, Cs, As, Ba, Ge, Rb, Pb, Ra, Bi, Cd, Cr, Ni, Ti, Ag, Th, Hg , Ce, Se.

3. Trace elements. They are found in the human body, but they are not about their quantitative content or about their biological role. These are Sc, Tl, In, La, Sm, Pr, W, Re, Tb, etc. Chemical elements necessary for the construction and vital activity of cells and organisms are called biogenic.

Among inorganic substances and components, the main place is occupied by - water.

To maintain the ionic strength and pH-environment in which vital processes take place, certain concentrations of inorganic ions are required. To maintain a certain ionic strength and to combine the buffer medium, the participation of singly charged ions is necessary: ​​ammonium (NH4 +); sodium (Na +); potassium (K +). Cations are not interchangeable, there are special mechanisms that maintain the necessary balance between them.

Inorganic compounds:

Ammonium salts;

Carbonates;

Sulphates;

Phosphates.

Nonmetals:

1. Chlorine (basic). In the form of anions, it participates in the creation of a salt environment, sometimes it is a part of some organic substances.

2. Iodine and its compounds take part in some of the vital processes of organic compounds (living organisms). Iodine is part of the thyroid hormones (thyroxine).

3. Selenium derivatives. Selenocesteine ​​is a component of some enzymes.

4. Silicon - is a part of cartilage and ligaments, in the form of orthosilicic acid esters, takes part in the sewing of polysaccharide chains.

Many compounds in living organisms are complexes: heme is a complex of iron with a flat paraffin molecule; cobolamine.

Magnesium and calcium are the main metals, apart from iron, are ubiquitous in biosystems. The concentration of magnesium ions is essential for maintaining the integrity and functioning of the ribosome, that is, for the synthesis of proteins.

Magnesium is also found in chlorophyll. Calcium ions are involved in cellular processes including muscle contractions. Undissolved salts - participate in the formation of support structures:

Calcium Phosphate (in bones)

Carbonate (in clam shells).

Metal ions of the 4th period are part of a number of vital important connections – enzymes... Some proteins contain iron in the form of iron-sulfur clusters. Zinc ions are found in a significant number of enzymes. Manganese is part of a small number of enzymes, but plays an important role in the biosphere, during the photochemical reduction of water, provides the release of oxygen into the atmosphere and the flow of electrons into the transport chain during photosynthesis.

Cobalt - is a part of enzymes in the form - cobalamins (vitamin B 12).

Molybdenum - an essential component of the enzyme - nitrodinase (which catalyzes the reduction of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia, in nitrogen-fixing bacteria)

Big number organic matter is a part of living organisms: acetic acid; acetaldehyde; ethanol (is the products and substrates of biochemical transformations).

The main groups of low molecular weight compounds of living organisms:

Amino acids - are constituent parts proteins

Nucleamides - a constituent part of nucleic acids

Mono and aligosaccharides - constituents of structural tissues

Lipids are the building blocks of cell walls.

In addition to the previous ones, there are:

Enzyme cofactors - essential components of a significant number of enzymes, catalyze redox reactions.

Coenzymes are organic compounds that function in specific systems of enzymatic reactions. For example: nicotinoamidodanine dinucleotide (NAD +). In oxidized form, it is an oxidizing agent of alcohol groups to carbonyl groups, and a reducing agent is formed.

Enzyme cofactors are complex organic molecules synthesized from complex precursors that must be present as essential components of food.

Higher animals are characterized by the formation and functioning of substances that control the nervous and endocrine systems - hormones and neurotransmitters. For example, the adrenal hormone triggers the oxidative processing of glycogen in stressful situations.

In many plants, a complex amine is synthesized with a strong biological effect - alkaloids.

Terpenes - compounds of plant origin, components essential oils and resins.

Antibiotics are substances of microbiological origin, secreted by special types of microorganisms that inhibit the growth of other competing microorganisms. Their mechanism of action is varied, for example, slowing the growth of proteins in bacteria.