Face brick laying technology often plunges inexperienced builders into panic, especially if the work is being done, independently and without experience in such work. In most cases, it all boils down to the fact that the masonry is performed like an ordinary stone, although it has some differences. This material is used when it is necessary to decorate the facade of a building. It can often be seen on columns or fireplaces. If it is reassigned for decoration from outside the building, then it is often used as equipment for a room inside. This technology will create an unforgettable ambiance in any room.

Properties, types and parameters of bricks

A torn brick made by hand will look only if the product itself is selected correctly. Of course, a lot depends on the installation process itself. Unlike other fixtures that the market is saturated with, facing bricks must have a special look. It should clearly distinguish between colors and shades.

For building materials, a red or yellow color is characteristic. Unlike the standard stereotype, this product can have a wide variety of colors. The front side of the brick is also of two types: smooth and decorative. Features on the link.

The main difference is that the facing material has special parameters. The angles, dimensions and ends are clearly spelled out in it. A quality product should not have significant damage, deep scratches or chips.

The size is considered normal if:

1. The length is equal to at least 4.4 millimeters.
2. Width is not less than 3.3 millimeters.
3. Thickness is not less than 2.3 millimeters.

Depending on the quality of the product and its duration in operation, clinker and simple bricks are distinguished. Simple is characterized by high resistance to water penetration, therefore, it has a larger number of holes. Often used silicate double, known under the brand name M 150.

Facing of window openings brick must comply with clear dimensions, and therefore it is important to know the basic dimensions:

• Ordinary brick - 250 X 120 X 65;
• narrow - 250 X 60 X 65;
• thickened - 250 X 120 X 88; 250 X 107 X 65; 230 X 107 X 65.

Facade masonry. Peculiarities.

Like every work that requires attention from the worker, the laying of the facade cannot begin without special knowledge, namely:

1. In order to carry out the installation process correctly, it is recommended to make vertical shrinkage and expansion joints. They should be located at least 4 meters across the entire height of the building.
2. Be sure to let the material dry. Allocate more time for this.
3. You should initially lay out the masonry without mortar. This will help get rid of defective products.
4. The first row begins to be laid vertically. The same masonry should be done at the final height and during the transition to the opening. Also make a similar vertical structure near the supporting structures.

The laying of the facing brick, the video can be viewed as it is laid, it needs to strictly adhere to the thickness of the mortar joint. It should not be higher than 1.5 centimeters. Try to limit the ingress of moisture on it while working. At the highest point of the masonry, it is recommended to lay a waterproofing material. The best styling option is to use a stiff mix.

Laying under the template

In this case, it is not recommended to apply a layer of the mixture more than 1 centimeter thick. It is recommended to pay special attention to the front edge. There should be at least 1 centimeter from the solution to it. In this case, it is better to use a template. In its role, a wooden lath can act, which has a width of 60 centimeters, a thickness of up to 1 centimeter. At the bottom of such a rail there is a small ledge for which it is convenient to hold it with your hand. The rail rests against the wall and the solution is applied to it.

Metal templates can be found today... This is a small rod that has a square cross section. In this case, the solution is made thick so that it does not leak under the weight of the structure.

The mortar is mounted on the outer edge of the building material. If the surface is horizontal, then it must be installed vertically. A mixture of sand and cement is poured onto it. Next, a trowel is used, which allows you to remove excess residues and lay the masonry in a row.

Correct installation of facing bricks.

The laying of ceramic bricks, it is better to watch the video on this material right away, it implies hard work. This product has a special specifics, and therefore self-installation can be significantly complicated. Here you need not only attention, but also the accuracy of the actions. If the volume of work is large, then you cannot do without an assistant. In this way, the cost of laying bricks will increase significantly.

The photo will help to do the job correctly, it happens at the same moment as the construction of the building itself. In this case, a special mesh should be used, which will maximize the interlocking of both types. If there is a need to insulate the structure, then an additional layer of insulating material is mounted.

If the building has already been erected and it becomes necessary to lay facing bricks, additional measures must be taken. In this case, the base should protrude from the wall by at least 12 centimeters. The chosen distance will make an excellent focus for future construction. It is also necessary to strengthen it and slightly expand it.

In the process of performing work, the following tools and units may be needed:

1. Trowels.
2. Concrete mixer.
3. Forests.
4. Buckets.
5. Hammer.
6. Threads.
7. A rod with a length of 80 cm and a section of 10x10 mm.
8. Plumb line.
9. Round bar for widening seams. It should be 10 cm in diameter.

Also, several steps should be used:

• Base alignment.
• Layout.
• Facing.
• Cleaning.

During installation, the work surface must be cleaned immediately. For this purpose, it is better to use a sponge moistened with water, but wrung out. In no case should you wait for the mixture to solidify.

How to brick a window opening? The beginning of the work is to level the base. You need to use a rule and a level here. The material should then be placed without the use of cement. This is necessary to obtain a general picture of cutting off the brick and increasing the seam.

Where an opening for a window or door is mounted, it should not be interrupted. In further use, it may show up in an inappropriate place. It is in such places that you need to cut bricks.

Further work consists in laying the facing product. You should start mounting from the corner. The cladding, after laying the bricks, begins on the 6th row. For evenness of laying, a thread is used, which must be pulled.

The best mortar consistency for this type of work is a ratio of 1: 4. It is better to take fine sand, which is often mined in quarries. In the presence of an assistant, the mixture is kneaded in a concrete mixer. In this way, a small amount is created and a mixer is used. Careful tracking is essential in proportioning.

Hyper-pressed brick, a video of its use must be watched several times before use, requires the use of a twig, which is laid on its edge. A little higher, the laying of the cement mortar begins. In this case, it acts as a template. A light blow from a hammer or trowel will allow the material to slide into position. If at the time of laying and tapping the product, its front side is soiled with a solution, it is immediately washed with a rag or a moistened and squeezed sponge.

If necessary, a grid is installed. Dowels are often used to secure it. During the installation process you will need:

• 6 dowel size is hammered into the wall.
• The wire is attached to his cap and twisted.
• The end of the wire must be mounted inside the masonry. It should be trimmed if it sticks out of it.
• The binding is done in 4 rows and 70 centimeters wide.

The technology for performing this procedure may vary, but its high-quality execution is a prerequisite. The rest of the mortar must not be poured into the space between the masonry. Be sure to leave a small gap to increase thermal insulation.

More on the topic.

The facade of the building is decorated with a variety of materials: vinyl and metal siding, basement panels, plaster and ordinary clapboard. Among all this variety, the laying of facing bricks is more than deservedly popular.

The facing brick is characterized by perfectly correct dimensions and a flat surface, which gives the building a very neat, even elegant look without any additional decorations. At the same time, the material performs all the functions that are inherent in a stone: it increases the strength of the wall, protects the facade from the destructive effects of rain and temperature changes, provides thermal insulation, and so on. Brick cladding is not only aesthetic solution, but also profitable.

Many people believe that facing a building with a brick is a responsible and rather complicated procedure that only highly qualified specialists can do. In fact, everyone can lay facing bricks. And here is how to do it correctly and no worse than professionals, we will show you in this lesson!

Material characteristics

Facing brick, which is most often called facing brick, is made from the same raw materials as ordinary brick, but retains more accurate geometric dimensions. The error in the length of the product is 4.4 mm, in width - 3.3 mm, in thickness - 2.3 mm. The surface can be smooth, structured - like a wild stone, for example, or glazed, but with any texture it does not contain cracks, chips and other defects. The long side of the facing brick is called a spoon, the butt is called a poke, and the supporting surface is called a bed.

Several types of material are used as cladding:

• Ordinary facing - strong, durable, with similar heat and moisture properties, as it contains pores. However, in winter, the presence of pores turns into a disadvantage: the moisture inside them freezes and expands, which, of course, shortens the life of the stone. To prevent destruction, the cladding is covered with a water repellent - a colorless compound that creates a water-repellent layer.
• Clinker - has a monolithic structure and does not absorb moisture. The clinker can easily endure up to 100 freeze-thaw cycles. The cost of the material is higher, and as a heat insulator it is worse than ordinary brick.
• Hyper-pressed - light and porous stone. It is recommended to use it as a facing in the southern zones, since its resistance to frost is low. The cost is very affordable.
• Silicate is a very durable material, a good sound absorber. Heavy, does not differ in frost resistance and has low thermal insulation properties. Brickwork with silicate facing bricks is not recommended.

In terms of cost / quality ratio, builders consider clinker bricks to be the best. Clinker is used to sheathe buildings made of any stone - silicate bricks, foam and aerated concrete. Silicate has poor thermal insulation properties, and facing brick also plays the role of insulation. Aerated concrete is a porous material, clinker protects it from the destructive action of moisture. Even a wooden house can be cladded with clinker to preserve the base material of the walls.

Types of masonry

Depending on the method of placement, different types of facing bricks are considered, of which there are a huge variety. Let's highlight the most common ones:

• Path - only a whole stone is laid and only with its long side - a spoon. In each next row, the brick is displaced relative to the lower one by a quarter or half to cover the vertical seam.
• Block - the spoon row alternates - the clinker is located with the long side, and the butt - the short one.
• Cross - laying is carried out in the same way as block, but at the same time the joints are shifted by ½ the length in every second row. As a result, a semblance of a cross should be obtained: a poke, a spoon above it, and a poke above it.
• Gothic - each row is laid out by alternating a spoon and a poke, while in adjacent rows the poke is shifted by half its length. The spoon, accordingly, moves only 1/3 of its length.
• Brandenburg - a poke is placed every two spoons. The joint of the spoons is overlapped with a jab.
• Wild - brickwork is made without any visible order of alternation of short and long sides. This is the most extraordinary installation method.

Since it concerns cladding, that is, masonry in one brick, then in the case when the stone is poked, it is pre-cut. In fact, whole stones and half stones alternate. The cost of facing brick masonry depends on the method, since the consumption of materials is different.

Rules for laying facing bricks

Facade decoration is not much different from manipulating ordinary ordinary stone. But in order to achieve a beautiful masonry with facing bricks, it is necessary to fulfill a number of requirements and be very careful. You cannot do a large amount of work on your own, so you need a partner to work.

Before the stones are fixed to the mortar, the row is always "dry" laid. Thus, the amount of clinker that needs to be adjusted in size is determined, a stone is selected for the decoration of window and door openings, and the scrap is removed. Pieces of brick of the required size are cut with a grinder with a disc on a stone, but in no case on metal. Chipping of bricks with a hammer is not allowed.

Facing bricks are laid on a cement mortar: 1 part of Portland cement, three parts of sand (river sifted) and 1 part of water. In order for the composition to have a color similar to that of a brick, a dye is added to the mixture. The solution is prepared in small quantities, as it dries up rather quickly. If clinker is applied, the mortar may contain less water. Regular facing brick must be moistened with water before placement, otherwise it will take water from the cement.

The thickness of the horizontal layer is no more than 12 mm, of the vertical layer - 10 mm. Every fourth vertical seam of the lower row is not fixed with mortar: in this way, ventilation of the brickwork is ensured.

If cement gets on the face, it must be removed immediately. It is recommended to periodically after 4–5 rows, wipe the entire surface with a damp cloth. The dressing of adjacent rows is performed using a single-row method.

Brick cladding technology

Do-it-yourself brick cladding requires the following tools: a concrete mixer (if possible, borrow from neighbors or rent), trowels, scaffolding, a plumb line, round and square twigs.

Do-it-yourself laying of facing bricks begins with leveling the basement. The first row is laid out around the perimeter of the entire building in compliance with the above recommendations and rules.

The cement mortar is applied to the bed in a thin layer, not reaching the front edge by 10 mm. A stencil template is used if necessary. For a uniform application of the solution to the end, the stone is placed on a poke and the cement is placed in the same pattern.

Corner posts are formed - about 4-6 rows. It is recommended not to use halves of a brick, but a stone with a length of ¾. This somewhat increases the cost, but increases the reliability of the dressing.

A strong fishing line is stretched between two adjacent corners, along which a row of facing stones is laid out. The solution must be used hard. The brick, when pressed by hand, should not "float".

The cladding layer must be tied to the main wall. For this, during the construction of the wall, a wire is laid in the seams, an anchor with a diameter of 4–6 mm. For 1 sq. m. of the surface there should be 45 attachment points, above the openings - 8–12.

If the cladding was not provided and no reinforcing elements were included in the masonry, proceed as follows: a dowel is hammered into the seam, to the end of which a wire fastener is tied equal to the width of the cladding row. The wire is hidden inside the masonry.

After the cement has set, the seams are embroidered: with a wooden rod, with a diameter smaller than the seam, the solution is pressed inward. This is done not only to obtain an attractive appearance, but also to compact the cement, and, therefore, better adhesion.

Openings - window and door, are laid with a poke, i.e. a column of one brick is created. To beautifully highlight windows and doors, you can use bricks of other shades.

The cladding is carried out on relatively fine days at an air temperature of at least +5 degrees, because at temperatures below zero, the cement slurry changes its properties. You should not rush: on average, up to 6-7 rows are laid out per day. For decoration, an attractive appearance is almost more important than its other qualities.

A facing brick laid out according to the rules will make your structure much better and transform it beyond recognition. And the masonry carried out with your own hands, in addition, will also help to save money. In the video presented, all the nuances and subtleties when performing masonry with facing bricks are highlighted in more detail. Successful construction!

Facade finishing gives the building a finished, beautiful and neat appearance. Face brickwork is widely used as an option for covering external walls. It is original, but quite time consuming. Such finishing is carried out using facing bricks of various types without further finishing.

Types of bricks and production technology

Face masonry has a number of advantages: fire resistance, resistance to external factors, durability. It does not require additional maintenance during operation.

With a rich assortment of products offered, differing in color, size, materials from which they are made, the following types of facing bricks are distinguished:

View	Material	Peculiarities
Ceramic	Certain types of clay	High frost resistance, low moisture absorption, attractive appearance,
Clinker	Refractory shale clay	Strength, resistance to temperature extremes and wear, durability, good sound and heat insulation.
Hyperpressed	Crushed shell limestone, cement, pigment	High strength, minimal moisture absorption, frost resistance, practically zero vapor permeability
Silicate	Sand and lime	Environmental friendliness, compatibility with various masonry mortars, high thermal conductivity and moisture absorption.

For such work, you can take a hollow material.

Products for face masonry can be monolithic and hollow (internal cavities have different shapes: circle, square, rectangle). The former are heavier and more durable, but such walls will need additional insulation. Hollow ones are lighter and retain heat better. Production technology, in turn, is divided into the following methods:

• extrusion - for ceramic and clinker products;
• semi-dry pressing ("cold welding") - the method by which hyper-pressed blocks are obtained;
• silo or drum - for sand-lime bricks.

How is brickwork done?

Required tools

The laying of walls made of silicate bricks, like any other, is impossible without special equipment and fixtures. The obligatory set includes:

• Mortar shovel. It is used both when preparing a solution in a container, and for delivering it to a wall with subsequent leveling.
• Trowel. A spatula, smooth on both sides, with a handle - an indispensable tool for leveling mortar on masonry, removing excess mortar from seams, filling vertical seams.
• Joining. Its purpose is to give the seams an aesthetic look. They come in different sizes (depending on the width of the seam), and two types (convex or concave).
• Pickaxe hammer. It is used to give the building material the desired size or shape. More precisely, this operation can be carried out using modern construction equipment: a brick processing machine, a special saw (gas cutter) or a grinder.
• Swabbing. It is used in the construction of ventilation ducts, to remove excess mortar from the joints or, on the contrary, to fill them in case of a shortage, to level the mortar in the joints.
• Mooring cord or fishing line. Their use allows you to achieve straightness and horizontality of the rows, being a reference point.

Stages of work

If you need to cut the material, you need to use a grinder with a stone disc.

The technology of laying brick walls is simple, but has its own characteristics. True, as in any other business, it is better to consult a specialist. But with a great desire and the necessary theoretical training, it is also quite possible to independently carry out external finishing. The only difference between facing brick masonry is the special requirements for its quality. The work includes the following stages:

1. Careful selection of blanks is necessary.
2. it is better to carry out with the help of a grinder (discs are used for stone, it is forbidden to use a circle for cutting metal).
3. With a trowel, spread the cement mortar in a thin uniform layer, which should not reach the edge by 1-1.5 cm. The density of the mortar should facilitate quick and rigid fixation. Then a brick is laid, pressing it with light rotational movements - this is necessary to displace air from the seams.
4. After laying the first brick, the mortar is applied not only to the surface, but also the space between the blocks is filled. If the solution gets on the front side of the masonry, it must be removed with a trowel. After drying, it will be difficult to clean the surface.
5. They control the position of the laid bricks along a stretched line or cord. Both the gaps between the cord and the block and the exit of the latter beyond the stretched limiter are unacceptable. Then, lightly hitting the brick with the handle of the trowel, fix its position and remove excess mortar. Such an algorithm will allow you to correctly complete the masonry layer.
6. Joints are sewn after several rows have been laid. After that, it is necessary to wipe the front side with a dampened cloth or sponge.

FACES AND WALL CLADDING

TYPES OF FINISHING FACADES

For decorative decoration of the walls of buildings lined with bricks and other stone materials, and protection from atmospheric influences, face and decorative brickwork, ceramic and natural stones are used; cladding with natural or artificial materials.

Front masonry is of two types: masonry of the wall and its front surface from the same material; the front surface of the walls is made of special facing brick or stone with an artificial or natural color and smooth or textured surfaces, and the rest of the masonry is made of ordinary masonry materials.

The surfaces of the masonry are revetted with natural or artificial materials in one of the following ways: embedded plates, pinched in the masonry (performed simultaneously with the masonry of the walls); previously laid out walls are revetted with reclining slabs or slabs attached to the walls with special devices (such cladding is performed after the masonry has completely settled). The advantage of facing simultaneously with masonry is that the surfaces of the walls of buildings are finished during the masonry process. When cladding a finished wall, the quality of the surface finish increases, however, such cladding is more complex and time-consuming to perform. There is a need for the device of external scaffolding, it is required to specially prepare the surface of the walls, to install fasteners for cladding.

FACE MASONRY FROM BRICK AND STONES

Face masonry made of ceramic or sand-lime bricks with jointing is the most common way of finishing facades. The front surface of the walls is laid out of selected whole bricks or stones with the correct edges and corners, and the rest of the masonry is made of ordinary stones or bricks. Brick or stones for facing are selected in the same color tone. As a rule, masonry is performed using a multi-row dressing system. The facing layer is tied to the main wall, laying the stitching rows in the facing layer every five spoonfuls of masonry.

Facial masonry is used for both external and internal walls of vestibules, staircases, etc. The seams of the front masonry must be of the same thickness and be neatly embroidered.

Facing front masonry. Ceramic stones and ceramic bricks (single or thickened) from light-burning clays, semi-dry pressed ceramic bricks are widely used for the outer face layer of masonry - facing facing masonry. When laying the main and front layers of walls made of bricks or stones of the same size: for example, in walls made of silicate bricks with a front layer of light-encapsulated clay ceramic bricks; in walls made of ceramic stones with a front layer of the same stones, but of light-burning clays, etc., the masonry is carried out using conventional multi-row dressings.

When laying walls with the use of bricks or stones of different sizes (in the main and front layers), to ensure dressing, it is necessary to take into account how many rows of masonry of the main and front layers coincide with the horizontal ones and at their level the front layer must be bandaged with the main butt row. So, when laying from a single (usually in size) brick with a front layer of thickened brick (Fig. 96), first lay out the facing mile from the butt and three spoon rows, and the inner part of the wall (to the height of the spoon rows of facing) is erected from a single brick. Padded bonded rows of thickened brick connect the cladding to the rest of the wall every three rows of cladding, which corresponds to four rows of the main part of the wall.

The facing mile is laid out on a multi-row transportation system. In the corners of the walls in each stitch row, two three-quarters are laid with a spoon. The inside of the wall is laid out on a multi-row suture dressing system. When laying the main part of the wall made of ordinary bricks and a facing layer of facing ceramic stones (Fig. 97), the dressing is provided without spacer rows, but only with a bonded verst of ceramic stones.

Having laid the outer row of stones /, lay out two rows of bricks - the inner verst and the backbone 2. The facing with the masonry of the wall is tied (at the level of spoon stones) with two rows of bricks. The masonry of the inner part of the wall and cladding is carried out using a chain dressing system. When laying walls made of ceramic stones and facing with facing bricks, the dressing is carried out according to the scheme shown in Fig. 98. First, the facing versts are laid out, the first row of which consists of whole bricks 1, laid with a poke, and the next three - of halves of brick 2, laid with a poke.

Then the inside of the wall is laid out from two rows of stones along a chain dressing system. At the level of the bonding stones, the masonry is leveled with a non-face (ordinary) brick 4, laid with a spoon.

The cladding is tied up through four rows with bonded bricks, pinched in the inner part of the wall. The cladding is laid out on a multi-row dressing system. In the corners of the butt row, two three-quarters 5 are laid, in the spoon rows - one three-quarters.

DECORATIVE Masonry

Brickwork with a geometrically clear pattern of seams on the facade surface or combining a certain pattern of seams on its surface with relief compositions and elements

they are called decorative. Most often, in the construction of brick buildings, face masonry is used with continuous or with intermittent vertical seams.

The technology for making decorative masonry is the same as usual.

In this case, use the usual tools, fixtures and fittings. Bricklayers, in addition to observing the dressing, ordering and verticality of the masonry, must correctly lay the bottom row and, during the masonry process, monitor the horizontalness, verticality and the same thickness of the outer seams.

Bricks facing the front plane must have even edges, a clean surface and the same color shade.

The front verst (with tied or not tied vertical seams) has a multi-row dressing system, the inner mile and zabutka are single-row.

Piers. When laying walls, the sequential layout is performed as follows (Fig. 99). The first row of outer and inner versts of piers is laid out with pokes. In the outer (front) verst, with intermittent vertical seams, two quarters are laid, and with solid ones - two halves and in the back - quarters. The edges of the split in the quarters and halves are rubbed in (polished). The second and fourth rows have outer and inner versts, made of spoons. The corners of the inner verst are completed with three-quarters. Zabutka consists of quarters (in the corners) and pokes. Third row: outer mile and zabutka - from spoons, inner mile - from butts.

Corners. The sequential layout when laying the corners of the walls with a thickness of two bricks is performed according to the scheme shown in Fig. 100. The first row has outer and inner versts of butts. The front masonry masonry (with continuous vertical seams) begins with two halves, and with interrupted vertical seams - with two three-quarters laid with a spoon. The corner of the inner verst begins with the laying of two three-quarters. The second and fourth rows are the same, the outer and inner versts are made of spoons, the binding of the zabutka and the inner verst is ensured by laying the three-quarters: the zabutka is carried out with pokes. The third row has an outer mile and a backbone from spoons, and an inner mile - from butts. For bandaging the inner verst and zabutka, three three-quarters are used. Compared to the row below, they are laid in the direction of the longitudinal or transverse wall.

The seams on the front surface of the decorative masonry are embroidered. First, vertical and then horizontal seams are processed. The architectural expressiveness of the masonry depends on the shape (profile) of the external jointing. The seams are given a convex, concave, recessed or single-cut shape. There are several options for decorative masonry. They differ in the pattern of the combination of seams, the pattern on the front surface of the masonry, obtained by various methods of laying out bricks in the front layer and bandaging it with the main masonry. At the same time, using bricks of different colors, you can get various patterns and ornaments on the front surface of the walls. In fig. 101 shows variants of a flat ornament obtained with single-row (chain) laying using bricks of different types, for example, silicate and clay or ordinary clay and from light-burning clays.

Decorative patterns (figures) are used to decorate the ends of buildings, piers, under-cornice strips and other sections of the walls, which gives the facades an original originality (Fig. 102).

Ornament refers to decorative patterns formed by bricks of different colors. The colors white and yellow, yellow and red, red and white combine well.

The architectural expressiveness of modern brick buildings is achieved not by the construction of massive cornices, columns, pilasters and other complex elements, but by the use of decorative relief masonry.

Masonry, combining a clear grid of front seams with compositions of relief patterns, is called patterned relief (Fig. 103). Embossed masonry formed by bricks protruding from the plane of the wall is decorated with friezes - decorative stripes in the upper part of the wall, belts, piers, etc. Such parts of the walls and protruding elements of ornaments lead from solid bricks.

Walls with architectural details. The architectural parts of the masonry include cornices made of bricks or ceramic stones, pilasters, belts, sandriks, rusts, buttresses, semi-columns, bay windows, framing of curved openings, as well as window sills and other niches. In addition to architectural details made of bricks, ceramic stones, ceramic, stone and concrete slabs, details made of concrete, ceramics and natural stone are used to decorate the facades of buildings. The laying of architectural elements made of rectangular and profile bricks is performed simultaneously with the erection of the external and internal walls of the building. Details of belts and cornices are laid out from bricks protruding in the form of brackets with a stepped profile, brackets - from facing bricks placed on the edge

J or laid flat. The fields between the brackets are filled with ordinary or profile bricks or artistic inserts.

The protruding rows of masonry in cornices, belts, etc., regardless of the dressing system, are made of whole bricks. In this case, the overhang of each row of masonry is allowed no more than 1/3 of the length of the brick, and the total removal of the unreinforced cornice is not more than 1/2 of the wall thickness. Cornices with a total removal of more than "/ g of wall thickness are made of reinforced brickwork on a mortar grade of at least 25 or from prefabricated reinforced concrete elements anchored in the masonry. They are erected in accordance with the instructions of the project.

Hanging rows of cornices, belts, as well as other parts of the walls, for which hewn bricks are used, are laid out of solid or special (profile) facing bricks, even when the walls are erected from hollow bricks.

Concrete and reinforced concrete architectural details are used when decorating door and window frames and slopes, arranging belts, large cornices and for decorating facades. For the same purposes, architectural parts made of ceramics are used, and cornices with ceramic parts are allowed to be made only by bandaging with overlap masonry. The total offset should not exceed half the wall thickness.

Architectural details made of natural stone are mainly used for plinths, platbands and slopes, as well as for belts.

Architectural details, like other facing products, are installed both during the masonry process and on previously erected walls. When installing parts in the process of masonry, attachments are used with hooks or brackets embedded in the seams of the masonry during its erection, and in other ways in accordance with the instructions of the working drawings. Eaves made of prefabricated parts, with a projection exceeding half the wall thickness, are fixed with anchor bolts, previously embedded in the masonry to the depth specified by the project.

Masonry wall cladding

The cladding of the facades of buildings, depending on the architectural solution, can be continuous, when the entire surface is clad, or partial, when only the elements of the facades are clad: plinths, belts, platbands, cornices. The cladding can be performed simultaneously with the laying of the walls or after their construction.

In the case of continuous cladding, performed simultaneously with the masonry, the facing slabs are pinched in the masonry with interlocking rows, large-sized, for example, concrete slabs - with brackets clamped by the rows of masonry. In the case of partial wall cladding, the architectural details are installed simultaneously with the masonry, and the wall planes, as a rule, are reveted after the completion of the masonry. In this case, the cladding is fixed with brackets, hooks and other methods specified in the project, for the hinges, staples, rods and other parts laid in the masonry during its erection.

Facing at the same time as masonry. Before starting the masonry of the walls with their simultaneous facing with large-sized slabs, prepare the horizontal surface of the base. A layer of solution is laid out on this surface. At the corners of the walls, lighthouse facing plates are placed and a mooring cord is pulled, along which all intermediate plates are installed to the height of one row, and the correctness of their installation with a plumb line and level is checked, after which the brickwork of the wall is carried out to the height of the installed row of plates. Then the process is repeated. When facing with slabs of natural stone (Fig. 104, a), the slabs of the row are interconnected with pyrons 2, brackets or lamellar hooks embedded in the end grooves of the slabs. Natural stone slabs are fixed with metal anchors /, and concrete slabs are attached to the masonry by hinges with wire anchors.

The masonry of the walls with their simultaneous facing with ceramic or silicate slabs (Fig. 104, b), fixed with the help of spacer rows, is performed in this sequence. After the laying row 5, a row of facing slabs 4 is first exposed, then the wall masonry is erected to the level of the top of the reclining slabs and the laying row of facing is laid again.

The horizontal seams between the tops of the oversized slabs and the cushion slabs are left unfilled. They are filled in and embroidered after the masonry has been fully loaded and settled.

When laying with cladding, the work places of the masons are organized according to the usual scheme. The only difference is that next to the packs of wall materials, packs of facing materials are installed. Cladding fastening details are located at the cladding material packages from the side of the transport area.

Wall cladding. Separate sections of the facade - the basement, the entrance to the building, etc., are faced with slabs of natural stone.

Before starting work, the surfaces of the walls to be lined are checked with a plumb line, irregularities are cut down. On the back side of the facing boards, a notch is made to ensure better adhesion to the grout. On the upper and end faces of the slabs, nests are drilled and grooves are cut out for the installation of anchors, with which the slabs are attached to the wall (Fig. 104).

Wall cladding is carried out in the following order: the first row of slabs is installed dry on the berth; wooden wedges are placed between the wall and the installed slabs, adjusting each slab in terms of level and plumb line;

holes are drilled in the wall for embedding anchors in them; each facing slab is secured with three anchors;

the gap between the wall and the fixed row of cladding is filled with mortar, leaving the sinus not filled with mortar up to 1 cm deep below the upper edge.

The next row of plates is installed in the same order. Slabs of decorative concrete (Fig. 105, a), which have loops on the back side, are faced with stone walls after their settlement. First, corner and lighthouse plates are installed, then privates are installed along the dock. Plates verified by the plumb line and level are fixed with wire twists. Their ends connect the hinges of the slabs with hooks hammered into the seams of the masonry or into the holes drilled in it. The cavity between the wall and the fixed slabs is filled with cement mortar. The walls are clad with reclining ceramic tiles with corrugation on the back side (Fig. 105, b) after the completion of the masonry settlement. First, corner and lighthouse tiles are installed, then along the dock - the main tiles of the row. The cladding is carried out orderly. The quality of the facing rows is controlled by the berth, plumb line and level.

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE QUALITY OF WORKS

Facing and decorative masonry are rational ways of finishing the surface of walls and other stone structures. Therefore, in addition to the basic rules and requirements, special ones are imposed on their quality - to horizontal, vertical and equal thickness of the seams. The bricks of the front surface of the masonry must have smooth edges, no grips, a clean surface and the same color shade. Check the quality of the masonry with the techniques and tools described in the chapter. Cladding with ceramic slabs simultaneously with laying the walls is carried out with the same mortar as the laying of the walls, but with grades of at least 25. The walls are faced with leaning ceramic plates, reinforced with mortar without constructive ligation with the masonry, with Portland cement mortar of grades not lower than 50.

The mobility of the solution is monitored during work; it should be no more than 7 cm (immersion of a standard cone), and to fill the vertical gap between the wall and the tile, in the case of fixing the plates on steel ties - no more than 8 cm. The thickness of the joints when facing with plates is the same as in brickwork. All joints in the cladding of the finished building must be grout-filled and embroidered.

Deviations of cladding surfaces from the vertical, determined by a plumb line, should not exceed 10 mm per floor and 30 mm for the entire building for walls made of bricks, concrete and other stones of regular shape.

The surface of the cladding is checked with a control rod 2 m long; the gaps between the lath and the lined surface should not exceed 5 mm. Chips, notches and chips of the corners of the facing plates on the facades are allowed no more than 1 ... 2 mm.

Between the masonry and the details of window and door platbands, as well as between the cladding and architectural bands, the gaps should not exceed 10 mm, and they must be sealed with mortar.

At first glance, there is nothing special in the phrase “face brickwork”. But this is only at first glance, because it is the facing brick that will reflect the state of the country house, if the project stipulates that the facade remains brick.

It is quite difficult to make high-quality facing brickwork, therefore this process is usually carried out by high-class specialists, that is, masters of their craft. But, as practice shows, any suburban developer can learn this business, who can carry out many construction processes with his own hands.

As in any construction business, you need to lay the front brick on a good cement mortar, therefore, when choosing the constituent components of this mortar, and this

• Sand;
• Cement.

You need to pay special attention to them.

Experts recommend not to make a mortar under the facing brick, as with ordinary brickwork. A hard mortar is needed here so that the brick installed on it, so to speak, "does not float." It is very important. Therefore, the standard sand-to-cement percentage should be slightly higher towards the sand.

First row masonry

Face masonry

As practice shows, the most crucial moments in laying facing bricks, and besides the most difficult ones, will be the laying of the first row. It is important here to accurately position the bricks along the entire front of the building. Therefore, experts recommend first spreading the bricks, so to speak, "dry", that is, not on the solution.

This way you can accurately determine the required amount of facial material. In the event that you need to trim the brick to completely fill the row, it is better to trim it in half. Do not lay smaller bricks on the front side. It will be ugly, and the strength of such masonry is in great doubt.

A prerequisite is the laying of a waterproofing layer between the foundation and the brickwork. Now you need to determine the highest point of the foundation. This can be done using a conventional building level or an optical level. By the way, this is not difficult to do. This very point will be the starting point in the process of laying facing bricks, as the builders call it, it will be "zero".

Now it is necessary to establish orders in all corners of the house, which will show the zero mark. They must be connected with threads, thus the exact location of the "zero" will be visible along the entire perimeter of the structure. That becomes quite convenient when laying facing bricks. True, not all craftsmen use the method of laying in order, they most often use a level. But, as practice has shown, although this method does not differ in quality from the first, in this case, the pace of work is much reduced, that is, the speed of laying.

What is more convenient ordering? And by raising the thread to the second row, there is no need to align it in another way. He will show you exactly where and how to lay the next brick.

So, the first row of masonry is laid on a cement mortar, which levels the level below "zero". The cement mortar must be laid with a thickness of 8-9 millimeters. The laid brick should not be tapped from above, it is better to level it by hand. Please note that the mortar also does not protrude beyond the brick, it will be better if it is laid a little in depth. Thus, the cleanliness of the front surface of the brick is achieved.

At present, to facilitate the laying of facing bricks, a special form is used, which is laid on the foundation or on an already laid row of bricks, and cement mortar is poured into it under the masonry. In this way, the exact shape of the slurry is created, corresponding to all required dimensions.

This form is made of plastic, it is lightweight and comfortable. A very important point is the fact that the mortar in this form is placed on several bricks at once. He poured the mortar into the mold, lifted it, laid bricks on the mortar, and the process is repeated again. The clutch rate doubles.

As in any masonry, facing bricks are laid with bandaging. What does it mean? For example, the first row of brickwork begins with a whole brick, the second with its half, the third with a full one, the fourth with a half, and so on. This type of masonry is both the most reliable and traditional. It costs nothing to invent.

Although it should be noted that there are several types of dressings. For example, when the first three rows are laid brick in brick, and the fourth comes with a dressing. True, you can not do the dressing at all. Here it will be necessary to lay bricks with a reinforcing mesh. This process is both laborious and more costly. And the compensation rate is too high.

Pros of this process

Decorating the walls of a country house with facing bricks is becoming more and more popular. In this case, the gain is large, especially when it comes to financial costs and further operation of the house.

Firstly, the facade of such a house becomes beautiful and its further cladding is not needed at all. Secondly, facing brick usually has empty cavities in its body, which greatly increases its heat-shielding properties. And what else is needed in order to live in such a house with comfort.